AD1001-1+
##Through the mediation of Patriarch Orestes of Jerusalem, Nicephorus Ouranos, the Byzantine dux of Antioch negotiated a treaty between Caliph al-Hakim of Egypt and the Byzantine emperor Basil II. In this treaty al-Hakim recognized Byzantine possession of Antioch and Aleppo and agreed to a ten year truce. Actually, the peace settlement lasted for over half a century. This same year Nikephorus Ouranos defeated a Bedouin tribe. (D 157 R8 1: 33-34)(D117 N48 2004 4: 1: 575)(D117 C32 1966 4: 1: 187, 725)(D117 C32 1967 4: 2: 303)(Wikipedia: Nikephorus Ouranos)#
AD1001-2+
AM 66
##John the Deacon arranged a meeting in the Palace of the Doges between Emperor Otto III and the Venetian doge Pietro I Orseolo in which the two men reached an agreement with one another by recognizing separate spheres of interests. The Venetian Sphere was in the ports around the Adriatic Sea and Otto sphere was on the roads that linked the cities that seemed to work because it was not challenged by future rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice. (D117 C32 1966 4: 1: 269)#
AD1001-3+
A{M:it} 48, 4467,1466, 5667
##The Roman nobility joined with the Papal bureaucracy and the militia of Rome in driving Emperor Otto III and Pope Sylvester II, out or Rome. The emperor and the pope relocated themselves in Ravenna and Otto III recognized the eight disputed counties as Papal possessions. Otto changed the words on the imperial stamp for the last time this year: from servus Christi to servus apostolorum (servant of the apostles). (D 117 N48 1999 3: 258, 258, 259)(DD 125 S75 1969 pp. 121, 123-34)(BX955.3 C68 2003 pp. 195)#
AD1001-4+
M:it 69
##The reign of Margrave Ugo of Tuscany ended. (DG 732 f53213 1993 , p. 28)#
AD1001-5+
M}M{M:ad}68
##Caliph al-Hakim of Egypt sent an army to take Tripoli from the Zirids, but it was defeated. However, the The nomadic Banu Khazrun of the Sahara seized Tripolitania. (DT 20 C28 2: 627)(DT194 A23 1987 p. 67)(D117 N48 1995 4: 2: 695)#
AD1001-6+
M{M:if} 369, 18, 16, 169, M}M{M:if} 38
##The Zirid ruler Badis of Ifriqiya granted his uncle Hammad a fief in what is now northeastern Algeria. Badis hoped that his uncle would be effective in mobilizing the Sanhaja Berbers in the area to participate in the defense from the raids of the Zanata Berbers to the northwest. Badis granted Hammad the authority to rule any area he could conquer along the western frontier. Hammad established his capital in the town of Qal’at near msila in what is now northeastern Algeria. For all practical purposes Hammad established an independent dynasty at Qal’at. This dynasty is known as the Banu Hammad. (DT194 A23 1987 p. 69)#
AD1001-7+
A:ga 4469~
##Under pressure from he pope, Robert II of France repudiated his second wife Bertha of Burgundy. (DC 82 H34 p. 71)(Wikipedia: Bertha of Burgundy)#
AD1001-8+
M’A:ga 2457, 4467, 1279, 356, 336, , 35, 133
##Richard II of Normandy employed Benedictine monk William of Volpiano, an Italian Cluniac reformer from San Guilio in the Piedmont, to rebuild and revive the monasteries of Fecamp, Jumieges and Mont-Saint-Michel. Fecamp had been destroyed by the Vikings in the Ninth Century.
The Romanesque church of the abbey of Mont Saint-Mihel was designed by William with the transept located at the pinnacle of the rock of Mont-Saint-Mihel. The construction of the transept at this location was supported by carefully designed underground crypts and chapels.
During the Eleventh Century the monasteries of Fecamp, Jumieges, and St. Wandrelle in Normandy all benefited from ecclesiastical toll exemptions, which provided them with a market advantage over their secular competitors in wine trade. Consequently, these monasteries became prosperous over the following centuries. (D117 C31 1929 6: 484)(D117 C3 1926 5: 663) (D 117 N48 1999 3: 181)(D117 N3 1926 3: 2)(D117 N48 1995 4: 1: 339)(Wikipedia: Fecamp Abbey; Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey William of Volpiano)#
AD1001-9+
A}N:nf19, N:nf 13, 127, 23, A 135, 35, N:nf 144, 1223, 23, 144, 447
##Curious about the lands sited west of Greenland by Bjarni Herjolfsson, Leif Erikson sailed from Greenland to Baffin Island, Labrador, and Newfoundland and gave several names to the land he visited: Helluland, Flatstone Land, Woodland, and Vinland. Although he wintered in Vinland he saw no sign of human habitation.
At some time during this period a Viking settlement was established at L’Anse-aux-Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland. The buildings excavated at this site are clearly Viking buildings for they are very similar to ones excavated in Greenland and Iceland from the same period. The artifacts found at L’Anse aux Meadows are also consistent with the kind of artifacts that would be expected. The principal export from L’Anse aux Meadows was lumber, which was badly needed for the settlements in Greenland and Iceland.
No other Viking settlements have been found by archaeologists along the coast of Canada, but it is known that they explored the coasts of Baffin Island, Labrador, as well as Newfoundland. A map held by a library in Yale showing Greenland and eastern Canada was promoted at one time as a Viking map that preceded the voayges of Columbus, but a close analysis of he map asserts that it is a fraud and probably dates from about 1939.
The local Indians who inhabited Newfoundland were the Beothuks at the time of the French invasion of the area five centuries later. They are known to have been hunters and gatherers who used birchbark canoes. They lived in nuclear families rather than villages. Not much else is known about the Beothuks, who were also called the Red Indians. Not enough of the vocabulary of the Beothus has survived for Linguists to classify their language, but they were probably Algonquins, like the rest of the Indians in this area.
The reason there is no evidence that the Vikings explored the coast further south than Newfoundland may be due to the prevailing currents, which made it more difficult for the Vikings to explore further south than Newfoundland. (DL 31 J6 1984 pp. 298-300)(E77.9 S565 2010 pp. 314, 315)(D117 N48 1995 7: 193)#
AD1001-10+
A}A:st 288, 68
##The English Channel was taken over by the Vikings, who set up their base of operations on the Isle of Wight and continued their raids on England. At this time there were 130 towns in England, many of them future targets of the Vikings. (DA 152 S74 p. 379)#
AD1001-11+
M:mo 69
##The Zanata chieftain Ziri b. Atiya died. This allowed the Zirids to resume their offensive in the west. (DT 20 C28 2: 627)#
AD1001-12+
M{B:da} 4467, 5667, 34, 4456, 5667, A{B:da} 1466, 368, 34, A}B:da 4456, 136, B:da 69, 136, 48, 26, 36, 28, 336, 16, 2466, A: 2466, BGRM 345, 135
##No later than the first day of this year Stephen was crowned King of Hungary in recognition of his policy of converting his subjects to Christianity. Rather than visit Hungary, as he did in Poland, Otto sent a crown to Stephen, who was crowned by the metropolitan of Hungary. The ceremony took place at a site in Szekesfehervar, about 60 kilometers southwest of the modern city of Budapest. This ceremony followed the existing religious liturgy and secular symbolism used by other Latin monarchies up until this time including a crown and a holy lance. By taking a royal title, Stephen was able to make a case that he should not pay tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. Stephen ordered the construction of the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at this site.
Stephen ruled for nearly forty years and introduced many Carolingian traditions into Hungary. Due to the westernization of Hungarian society undertaken by Stephen, the slave trade in Hungarians to the Byzantine Empire as well as Western Europe ended at this time. This was a significant step in the decline of slavery in Hungary, but Slavs continued to be a source of slaves in Europe as well as the Islamic world.
Although Stpehen was crowned in Esztergom, this city did not become the capital of his kingdom until the late Twelfth Century. As a medieval itinerant king, Stephen I of Hungary maintand his authority and collected taxes and made judicial decisions while traveling throughout his kingdom without a permanent capital. He established an administration that was modeled after that of Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne.
This included the organization of counties administered by his appointees to replace the territory ruled by Magyar chieftains. Each administrator he appointed was called a ispan instead of a count. Like the counts in the former Carolingian each ispanok was placed in charge of the collection of taxes, military recruitment, and the administration of justice, but unlike the counts in other counties of Europe at this time, Stephen did not make their postions hereditary. In many ways the chuch and state in the kingdom of Hungary were thoroughly integrated in Stephen’s government. High prelates sat on the royal council and the priests assigned to the castle chapels were assigned political responsibilities on the local level because they were more likely to be literate than laymen.
Stephen established three separate assemblies that alternately met in Fehervar and Obuda during his reign. The first and most influential assembly was that of the prelates; the second was made up of barons; and the third was made up of the lesser nobles. This was more progressive than in Germany, where the lesser nobles were never given seats in an assembly, but eventually the lesser nobles were denied representation in Hungary as well. The kingdom was divided up into counties, the same administrative districts that exist there today. Each county was given autonomous rule, including the right to summon county assemblies, but Stephen also appointed officials called voivodes to command the troops and to collect the taxes in each county.
German scribes were employed to keep records of Stephen’s government. The laws of Stephen I of Hungary were collected into a work called the Lex Baiuuariorum, are the basis of the Hungarian legal system. Among the most controversial reforms of Stephen was the introduction of the western concept of private ownership of property, which challenged the traditional Hungarian custom in which property was owned by the entire clan.
Opposition to the increasing westernization of Hungary resulted in a revolt led by a chieftain named Koppany, but Stephen defeated him. Those clans who opposed his land reform policies lost their land to the crown, which enabled Stephen to grant fiefs as in other European kingdoms. In the uninhabited border areas Stephen also established and an inner ring of obstacles and settlement guards called gyepu aldon the German frontier in western Hungary. (DB 925.1 G58 1853 pp. 35-36)(DB 922 L85 1968 pp. 28-31)(DD 125 S75 p. 218)(D 20 L27 1948 pp. 245, 317)(D 117 N48 1999 3: 6, 9, 38, 106, 119, 260)(D 117 T17 p. 841)(D117 C3 1926 5: 85)(D117 M49 1995 4: 2: 307)(Wikipeida: Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary; Esztergom; Stephen of Hungary)#
AD1001-13+
M{B:da} 457, 478, 134, A}B:da 77, B{B:by} 4467, 1279, B{M:ad} 4467, 1279, B{M:ty} 4467, 1279, B{M:le}4467, 1279
##Stephen I of Hungary enforced the religion of Christianity upon his subjects, most of whom pagans before his baptism and coronation. Commoners who did not participate in the celebration of the mass on Sunday and other religious holidays were ordered to be whipped and their head sheared. Tithes were enforced on the population to pay for the establishment of a Christian administration. Carolingian and Ottoian Christian religious art replaced traditional pagan art.
Emperor Otto III allowed Stephen of Hungary to establish a separate archdiocese for Hungary, most probably centered upon Esztergom, located about thirty kilometers to the northeast of the modern city of Budapest at the confluence of the Ister and Gran Rivers, better known today as the Danube and Hron Rivers. This creation was strongly resented by the Archbishop of Magdeburg, who previously had jurisdiction over the church in Hungary.
Originally the Hungarian archdiocese was placed in charge to ten dioceses. These were Csanad, Eger (Erlau), Esztergom, Borcs (Raab) in Gyor, Kalocsa, Pecs (Ipek), Vac, Veszprem, and Nagyvarad (Grosswardein), the last of which is now located western Romania near the modern Hungarian border. There is no agreement on which of these dioceses became the first archdiocese. According to one source Asterik, the bishop of Kalocsa, became the first archbishop, but according to another source Sebastian of Esztergom was the first archbishop and Asterik was only appointed to succeed Sebastian after the later went blind. Other sources state that Bihar and Vac were founded later by successors of Stephen. Wherever the first archdiocese was located its creation prevented these dioceses from falling under the jurisdiction of a German archbishop and thus helped establish Hungary as a completely independent kingdom.
Despite his coronation by a Catholic clergyman, Stephen also maintained friendly ties to the Orthodox Church and for all practical purposes the Hungarian Church continued to be an independent and eclectic institution for some time. For instance, it continued to used an Orthodox Greek calendar and despite the reception of a Catholic crown, the Hungarian court still continued to follow Greek ceremonial rites. Stephen was reportedly given a piece of relic of the True Cross by a Byzantine emperor and both Catholic and Orthodox missionaries were allowed to be active in the Hungarian kingdom for some time. Stephens’s interest in the promotion of Christianity beyond Hungary is indicated by his establishment of a church in Constantinople and his establishment of hostels for Hungarian pilgrims in Ravaena, Rome, and Jerusalem. (D117 C31 1929 6: 464-65)(D117 N48 1995 4: 2: 306-307, 575)(Wikipedia: Borcs; Eger, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kalocsa)#
AD1001-14+
AB 4669~
##Negotiations for a marriage of Emperor Otto to mary a neice of the Byzantine emperor Basil II were completed and the marriage was scheduled to take place the following year in Italy. (D117 C32 1966 4: 1: 187)#
AD1001-15+
B}B:da 68, B}B{M:ag} 68
##Having secured his eastern front, Basil initiated a war against Samuel of Bulgaria in which he occupied the Bulgarian cities of Pliska in the east and Sardica (Servia) in the west. He also captured both Greater and Lesser Pliska. In the south he replaced Bulgarian garrisions that were still stationed in Thessaly. An effert by the Bulgarians to retake Sardica failed. Within four years Basil II also conquered Berrhoia and Thessaly, but this did not end the resistance to Byzantine rule. Over the next four years Basil II recaptured approximately half of Samuel Comitopuli’s territory, but the war nonetheless dragged on for nearly two decades. (DF 552.5 O8153 1969 pp. 308-309)(DR39 F56 1983 p. 197)(D117 C32 1966 4: 1: 187, 517)#
AD1001-16+
A:ba 369, 36, 133
##Iziaslav of Polotsk, the oldest of the six sons of Vladimir, died and was succeeded in the principality by his young son Briacheslav (Bryachislav), who ruled the principality for over four decades. Henceforth, the principality of Polotsk was held by the descendants of Iziaslav and his son Briacheslav. However, because Isaslav died before the death of his father Vladimir, Briacheslav and his descendants lost the opportunity to inherit the grand principality of Kiev, which now went to Vladimir’s next eldest son Yaroslav. Polotsk continued to decline as a trading center during this period. (DK43 C35 2006 1:71, 75, 76)(DK40 S6213 2002 2: 8, 218)(D117 C31 1964 7: 599, 604)#
AD1001-17+
VMB:by 469, 4467, 2469, BM 4467
##Following a vacancy of two years the Byzantine emperor Basil II allowed the Orthodox clergy to elect a successor. They elected Sergius, the abbot of the monastery of Manuel, which had been founded by a distant relative, patriarch Photius. In the list of patriarch, the new pope is known as Sergius II. He held this postion for nearly two decades. During this period the relationship between the pope and the patriarch turn a turn for the worse. (D117 C32 1966 4: 1: 190, 458)(Wikipedia: Sergius II of Constantinople)#
AD1001-18+
K’B}B:ru 68
##The Pechenegs raided Russia again. (DK40 S6213 2000 3: 289)#
AD1001-19+
V:ku 66, 689, 344, 16, B{V:ku} 66, 148, 48, 1466
##David I Annoghin of Tashir-Dozoraget, located south of Kartli and centered upon the town of Lori, was assassinated by a conspiracy of some of his nobles who put poison in his drinking cup. Reportedly, the nobles were weary of his amibitions and had been offered titles from the Byzantine emeperor Basil II, who they hoped would protect them from the Seljuk Turks. The nobles accepted the suzerainty of Basil, who occupied Armenia. During this occupation a dispute between a Varangian mercenary and a Armenian over a bale of hay led to a confrontation between the nobles and the Varangians in which thirty nobles were killed.
Gagik I of Armenia took advantage of this instability by extending his authority over Tashir-Dozoraget. The last known ruler of Tashir-Dzoraget was Dinari, who was either the widow or the daughter of Ishkanik of Heret’i. (DK675.2 K36 R48 1996 pp. 278, 374)(DK 40 V44 2: 357)(D117 C32 1966 4: 1: 619)(Wikipedia: Gagik I of Armenia)#
AD1001-20+
K}V:ku 68
##Gurgan of Iberia invaded Georgia. (D117 N48 2004 4: 1: 575)(Wikipedia: Nikephorus Ouranus)#
AD1001-21+
P}P:su 68, P:as 689, 69, 668, 169
##The Uqaylid emir of Mosul, al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab forced the Buyid ruler Baha al-Dawla to negotiate the surrender of Baghdad, but during the negotiation al-Muqallad was assassinated by a Turkish slave. Al-Muqallad was succeeded by his eldest son Qirwash ibn Muqallad and there followed a power struggle among the different tribal elements of the Uqaylids. Consequently Baghdad was spared from conquest, buty the Uqaylids continued to rule the area north of Baghdad that were previously ruled by the Buyids. Henceforth Baha al-Dawla of Baghdad only ruled the city and the hinterland around it was ruled by the Uqaylids to the north, the Mazyadids to the south and the Kurdish Annazids in the highlands to the east. (D117 N48 1995 4: 2: 686)(Wikipedia: al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab; Qirwash ibn Muqallad)#
AD1001-22+
V:ku 1279, 127, B{V:ku} 1279, K’B:by 1279, K}RG 127
##The Cathedral of Ani was completed in Armenia by the master architect Trdat, whose knowledge of building in stone was so highly regarded that once he was summoned to Constantinople to repair the dome of Hagia Sophia. Like other churches in Armenia, the Cathedral of Ani was distinguished by ribbed vaults and clustered columns. These Gothic motifs preceded Gothic churches later constructed in Europe. Throughout the Byzantine Empire only the churches in Armenia were distinguished by this style, indicating that the Armenians did not lerarn these skills from the Greeks. For this reason, it is clear that the Armenians made a major contribution in the history of architecture. (AE 5 E363 1966 2: 423)#
AD1001-23+
V:ku 69, 3356
##The Rawadid emir Mamlan of Tabriz was succeeded by his son Abu Nasr Husain I, who continued to mint coins with his father’s name for the next thirteen years, leading to speculation that the traditional year of Mamlan’s death is not accurate. He negotiated a marriage alliance with the Hadhbani Kurds. (DS272 C34 1975 4: 237)(DS272 C34 1968 5: 32)#
AD1001-24+
K:uz 229, 124, 5579
##The Persian physician Abu Sahl ‘Isa b. Yahya al-Jurjani died in a sandstorm in the Khwarazmian desert while fleeing political disturbances with his student Ibn Sina. Prior to his death, al-Jurjani wrote Kitab al-mi’a fi;l-sin;at al-tibbiya, an encyclopedia of medicine that served as a model for his student Ibn Sina, who survived the sand storm. (DS272 C34 1975 4: 416, 433)(Wikipedia: Abu Sahl ‘Isa b. Yahya al-Jurjani )#
AD1001-25+
K 66, 166, K}I:in 68
##A treaty was negotiated between Mahmud of Ghazna and the Kara Khanid kagan Ilig Nasr b. ‘Ali of Bukhara setting the boundary between their two emirates along the Amu Darya River. This treaty confirmed the status quo and gave Mahmud more freedom to lead campaigns in India. (DS272 C34 1968 5: 7)#
AD1001-26+
K}I:pj 68, I:in 689, 6688, 69
##Launching the first notable Muslim incursion into Hindustan in nearly 300 years, Mahmud of Ghazna decisively defeated Jaylapala (Jaipal) of Udabhandapura (Waihind), who commited suicide through immolation because of the humiliation of defeat.
Following this defeat, Jayapala’s son Anandapala (Anandpal) organized a Hindu alliance to defend Hindustan against further aggression from Mahmud. Ujjayn, Gwalior (Gwalyar), Kalinjar, Kannawj, Delhi (Dihli), and Ajmer all joined the alliance. This was only the first of many invasions of South Asia by Mahmud, who chose to attack every winter when weather conditions were mostfavorable for his horses.
Over the next three decades Mahmud greatly expanded his territories and plundered India repeatedly. During these campaigns he clashed repeatedly with the Shahiyas, Multan, Bhatinda, Narayanpur, Thaneswar, Kanauj, Mathura, Kalinjar, and Somnath. (DS 35.6 C3 2: 3, 148)(F283 K437 2009 pp. 233-34)(DS272 C34 1975 4: 178)(DS451 S5697 2008 p. 573)#
AD1001-27+
E:bu 689, 4669~, 1279, 127, 4577
##The former cucumber farmer Nyaung-u Sawrahan of Bagan in what is now Burma was overthrown by Kunshaw Kyangpyu, who also inherited the three queens of Nyaung u Sawrahan. Two of these queens were pregnant at the time of Kunshaw Kyangpu’s death. One of them gave birth to Kysio and the other one gave birth to Sakkata, both of whom later became kings of Bagan.
Some scholars think that the temple of Nathlaung Kyuang (Nat-hlaung Kyuang) was constructed by Kunshaw Kyangpyu. A temple to the Hindu deity Vishnu, Nathlaung Kyuang is the only remaining Hindu temple in Bagan. The vaulted ceiling of Nathlaung Kyuang is considered to have been influenced by the Pyu architectural style. It is also considred to be an example of the First Phase of Bagan architecture in Burma. The Nathlaung Kyuang temple originally depicted all ten of the most revered avataras of Lord Vishnu. Seven of them can still be seen. (DS524 M56 2007 pp. 40, 441, 505)( DS527 C613 1966 p. 133)(Wikipedia: Lilst of Burmese Monarchs)#
AD1001-28+
EY 66, H:ch 5579
##According to the Songshi (History of the Song dynasty), a diplomatic mission from Lavo sent arrived in the Song capital this year. Lavo is believed to be the kingdom of Lopburi in what is now Thailand.(DS524 M56 2007 p. 224)#
AD1001-29+
E:ca 69, 579
##The Khmer king Jayavarman V in what is now Cambodia died and was given the posthumous name Paramawiraloka. He was succeeded by his son or maternal nephew Udayadityavarman I. Two Khmer inscriptions at Koh Ker and Mlu Prei have survived that mention this king, but neither one are very informative. Khmer Inscription 124 that dates from this year provides his genealogical ties to the founder of the dynasty Jayavarman II and additional ancestors in Sambhupura. Udayadityavarman I was a devotee of Shiva. During his short reign, he left one inscription at Koh Ker and a second inscription at Miu Prei. The temple of Prasat Thom in Kor Ker has a linga, which may have represented the king special relationship with heaven. (DS523 H555 2002 p. 311)(DS524 M56 2007 pp. 47, 108, 170, 400, 434)(DS544.42 S77 1999 p. 26)#
AD1001-30+
E:ca 579
##A fourth and final date on a sandstone fragment found at the site of Ak Yum (Ak Yom) underneath the embankment of the Western Baray near Angkor dates to the equivalent of this year. (DS524 M56 2007 p. 9)#
AD1001-31+
K’H:gs 16, 14, 26, 48, Y{K’H:gs} 1466
##A confederation of Tibeto-Burmese tribes that ruled Liang-chou along the Gansu corridor in the Liu-ku district was overthrown by P’an-lo-chih, who had the backing of the Song dynasty. (DS 735 C3145 6: 172)#
AD1001-32+
K’Y}Y{K’H:nx} 68, K’H:nx 13, 16
##The Tangut king Li Chi-ch’ien of Xia conquered the prefectures of Hsing-ch’ing fu and Ching-chou on the west side of the Huang He. He also conquered Huai-chou on the east side of the river. These conquests included the city of Ling-chou. Hsing-ch’ing fu later became the Tangut capital. (DS 735 C3145 6: xxix, 104-105, 171)(DS 735 C3145 2009 5: 1: 353)#
AD1001-33+
J}Y{H:hb} 68, Y}J{H:hb} 68
##Khitans forces invaded the prefectures of Ting-chou and captured Sui-ch’eng, but withdrew after the Song army launched a counter-invasion further east. (DS 735 C3145 6: 105)(DS 735 C3145 2009 5: 1: 262)#
AD1001-34+
J:ja 5579
##The Japanese author Sei Shonggan wrote Pillow Talk. (DS 835 C36 1999 2: 14)#